Replicability of paleotemperature records in the northern Okinawa Trough and its implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions

Abstract Geochemical proxies are frequently utilized in the reconstruction of past ocean temperatures. Due to resource constraints, these reconstructions typically rely on a single sediment core, raising questions about the local and regional representativeness of paleotemperature records. To address this, we analyzed four sediment cores located within a 10-km radius in the northern Okinawa Trough (OT), which share the same climatic forcing and thus should reflect similar climate variations. We compiled published data and generated new paleotemperature estimates based on three widely used geochemical proxies (foraminiferal Mg/Ca, $${\text{U}}_{37}^{{{\text{K}}^{\prime}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>U</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>37</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , $${\text{TEX}}_{86}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>TEX</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>86</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ). Analysis of the mean absolute deviations for nearby records based on the same proxy revealed that $${\text{U}}_{37}^{{{\text{K}}^{\prime}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>U</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>37</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> has the highest reproducibility, followed by Mg/Ca and $${\text{TEX}}_{86}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>TEX</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>86</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . However, inconsistencies in inter-proxy offsets among nearby sites suggest the presence of noise in the proxy records, likely stemming from instrumental errors and sediment heterogeneity. Furthermore, the Mg/Ca and $${\text{U}}_{37}^{{{\text{K}}^{\prime}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>U</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>37</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> paleotemperature records agree within uncertainty when accounting for inter-site variability and calibration uncertainties, challenging previous interpretations of temperature signals from different seasons. All proxies indicate similar glacial-interglacial trends, albeit with varying magnitudes of temperature change. Both Mg/Ca and $${\text{U}}_{37}^{{{\text{K}}^{\prime}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>U</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>37</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> records suggest a glacial cooling of ~ 3 °C, whereas $${\text{TEX}}_{86}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>TEX</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>86</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> sea surface temperature (SST) data indicate a stronger glacial cooling of approximately ~ 6–8 °C. Modern observations indicate a subsurface $${\text{TEX}}_{86}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>TEX</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>86</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> recording depth of 50–100 m, coinciding with the thermocline. However, the $${\text{TEX}}_{86}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>TEX</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>86</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> subsurface temperature (subT) record does not resemble the Mg/Ca records of thermocline-dwelling foraminifera species. Instead, there is a better agreement with benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca records of Uvigerina spp. (~ 700 m) and the intermediate temperature record derived from radiolarian assemblages (~ 500 m), pointing to a $${\text{TEX}}_{86}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>TEX</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>86</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> recording depth that is deeper than the thermocline. In summary, our findings show that proxy noise can impact inter-proxy comparisons of paleotemperature records, but not the direction of glacial-interglacial shifts. Future research should prioritize constraining the recording depth of paleotemperature proxies and reducing calibration uncertainty for more precise and reliable quantitative paleotemperature reconstruction.