An approach based on ecosystem services for assessing progress towards sustainable development goals at both national and provincial levels in China

Ecosystem services (ESs), the benefits nature provides to people, are an important basis for fulfilling sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, an ES-based approach will help deepen our understanding of the relationships between natural systems and human well-being and provide co-benefit pathways for sustainable development. However, monitoring progress towards achieving the SDGs based on the contributions of ESs to SDGs is lacking. Using the linkages between ESs and SDGs, this study quantified progress towards the SDGs in China from 2000 to 2020 and determined future development priorities at both the national and provincial levels. Our results indicated that (1) during the period 2000-2020, China showed decreasing trends in the 11 SDGs and SDG index scores; (2) there were significant differences in the scores for SDGs and the SDG index across 31 provinces; (3) SDG 3, SDG6, SDG11, SDG13, and SDG15 were recognized as the highest national priorities, concerning health and environment; and (4) 31 provinces faced diverse economic, social, and environmental development challenges. The ES-based approach may assist policy-makers in monitoring and comparing progress towards the SDGs in an integrated and composite way, prioritizing local action, and providing a scientific basis for formulating policies to achieve SDG implementation.