Evaluation of Weld Defects in Petroleum Pipelines Using X-Ray for MAG, TIG, and SMAW Techniques

The integrity of weld joints in petroleum pipelines is critical to ensuring the safe and efficient transport of fluids. This study evaluates the welding quality of pipes using Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (MAG), and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG) methods. Thirty-six pipe samples were prepared and welded in the 6G position for each technique. X-ray computed tomography was employed to detect and analyze internal weld defects, adhering to ASME standards for acceptability. Defects such as porosity, incomplete penetration, and undercutting were identified, significantly impacting weld quality. Samples exhibiting major defects were rejected, while others met the acceptance criteria. The study underscores the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate defect detection, thereby enhancing weld quality and reliability in pipeline applications. These findings provide valuable insights for improving welding practices, ultimately contributing to reliable and more efficient pipeline systems. Keywords: weld defect evaluation, petroleum pipelines, X-Ray imaging, SMAW, MAG, TIG techniques