Exposure to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid stimulates the calcium/ROS/CK1α pathway to trigger Hemolysis and Eryptosis in red blood cells

This work introduces novel cytotoxic mechanisms of 2,4-D in RBCs and reveals its pro-eryptotic effects. 2,4-D toxicity is neutralized by blockade of casein kinase 1α signaling and the presence of urea, sucrose, and PEG. These findings have significant implications for public health and inform future health risk assessments to develop novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.