Evaluation of <scp>HPLC</scp> Profile, Antioxidant, Quorum Sensing, Biofilm, Swarming Motility, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Conventional and Green Extracts of <i>Salvia triloba</i>

The current study aims to prepare a green extract using a new method in addition to conventional extraction methods including; methanolic and ultrasonic extraction of <i>Salvia triloba</i>, to compare their phenolic composition utilizing high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and enzyme inhibition activities. The results of HPLC-DAD analysis showed that Rosmarinic acid was found the highest amount in the methanolic extract followed by ultrasonic and green extracts as 169.7 ± 0.51, 135.1 ± 0.40, and 28.58 ± 0.46 μg/g respectively. The Trans-cinnamic acid (4.40 ± 0.09 μg/g) was found exclusively in ultrasonic extract. For bioactivities, the green extract exhibited the highest biofilm inhibition against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> compared to other extracts, while the methanolic extract outperformed both ultrasonic-assisted and green extract against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains at minimum inhibitory concentration. The methanolic and green extract exhibited considerable quorum sensing inhibition against <i>Chromobacterium violaceum</i> CV026, while no activity was recorded from ultrasonic-assisted extract. The methanolic and ultrasonic-assisted extracts of <i>S. triloba</i> recorded moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibition; each extract demonstrated limited inhibitory effects on the urease enzyme. Similarly, each extract of <i>S. triloba</i> demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with the highest activity exhibited by methanolic extract as β-carotene-linoleic acid assay (IC₅₀ = 10.29 ± 0.36 μg/mL), DPPH^• assay (IC₅₀ = 27.77 ± 0.55 μg/mL), ABTS^•+ assay (IC₅₀ = 15.49 ± 0.95 μg/mL), metal chelating assay (IC₅₀ = 57.80 ± 0.95 μg/mL), and CUPRAC (assay <i>A</i> _0.50 = 32.54 ± 0.84 μg/mL). Furthermore, the methanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activity better than α-tocopherol (Standard used). The current study demonstrated the potential of green solvent(s) as eco-friendly alternative for extractin phenolic compounds from <i>S. triloba</i> and evaluated their biological activities for the first time.