Driving factors for the peculiar bond length dependence and tetragonal distortion of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se₂ and other chalcopyrites

Abstract The chalcopyrite alloy (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 is a highly efficient thin film solar cell absorber, reaching record efficiencies above 23%. Recently, a peculiar behavior in the bond length dependence of (Ag,Cu)GaSe 2 was experimentally proven. The common cation bond length, namely Ga–Se, decreases with increasing Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratio even though the crystal lattice expands. This is opposite to the behavior observed for Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 , where all bond lengths increase with increasing lattice size. To better understand this peculiar bond length behavior, element-specific bond lengths of (Ag,Cu)InSe 2 and Ag(In,Ga)Se 2 alloys are determined using extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. They show that the peculiar bond length dependence occurs only for (Ag,Cu) alloys, independent of the species of common cation (In or Ga). The bond lengths are used to determine the anion displacements and to estimate their contribution to the bandgap bowing. Again, both behaviors differ significantly depending on the type of alloyed cation. A valence force field approach, relaxing bond lengths and bond angles, is used to describe the structural distortion energy for a comprehensive set of I–III–VI 2 and II–IV–V 2 chalcopyrites. The model reveals bond angle distortions as main driving factor for the tetragonal distortion and reproduces the literature values with less than 10% deviation. In contrast, the peculiar bond length dependence is not reproduced, demonstrating that it originates from electronic effects beyond the scope of this structural model. Thus, a fundamental understanding of bond length behavior and tetragonal distortion is achieved for chalcopyrite materials, benefiting their technological applications such as high efficiency thin film photovoltaics.