Diets supplemented with different solvents extracts of <i>Lepista nuda</i> alters longevity and fecundity, and the expression of related genes in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Exploring the effects of different solvent extracts from Lepista nuda [(Bull. ex Fr.) Cooke] on the lifespan and reproductive capacity of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae), the extracts of the fruiting body and mycelium of L. nuda were prepared using water, 75% ethanol, and petroleum ether, and the active components were identified. These extracts were then incorporated into culture media and administered to D. melanogaster. The impact of the extracts from different solvents on the life span and fertility, and the contents of ecdysone (20E), juvenile hormone (JH), and vitellogenin (Vg), as well as the effects of autophagy gene, 20E synthesis gene Halloween, 20E receptor gene ECR, JH methyltransferase gene JHAMT and Vg gene Yolk1 transcripts were analyzed. The extracts from the fruiting body and mycelium of L. nuda can reduce lifespan, a phenomenon associated with the varied expression of 15 compounds across 6 distinct groups. The average survival time of female fruit flies was lower than that of the male fruit flies. Fertility had also been significantly reduced, indicating a positive correlation between lifespan and fertility. In addition, with the extension of cultivation time, the content of 20E, JH, and Vg, as well as the transcripts of Halloween, ECR, JHAMT, and Yolk1 in the L. nuda fruiting body extract treatment group, all significantly decreased. Among the 3 solvent extracts, phenylalanine, citric acid, quinic acid, and punicalagin in the L. nuda aqueous extract exhibit the most potent collective toxicity toward fruit flies. The insecticidal properties of these compounds function by modulating autophagy and the expression of insect hormones.