Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Images for Coastal Erosion Monitoring.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly utilized for various measurements and surveys, including coastal areas assessment studies.Key applications include coastal monitoring, mapping, geohazard identification, and forecasting.This paper examines the effectiveness of UAV imagery for monitoring coastal erosion at Regency Beach, Port Dickson, using Pix4DCapture, Pix4DMapper, and ArcGIS 10.3.The UAV imagery revealed visible improvements in the shoreline, potentially impacting the coastal region significantly.Accuracy was assessed using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) computations, which confirmed that the data met the 7.95 cm RMSEx/RMSEy Horizontal Accuracy Class of the ASPRS Positional Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data (2014).The results showed an RMSEx of 4.26 cm and an RMSEy of 1.57 cm.Given the successful outcome of this study, UAVs are recommended as an effective tool for monitoring coastal changes.