Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles Using <em>Syzygium aromaticum</em> for the Removal of Methylene Orange

Water contamination by textile dyes is a significant environmental issue, as these dyes are resistant to degradation and can have harmful ecological impacts. The present study focuses on using green synthesized magnetite nanoparticles using a sustainable method involving Syzygium aromaticum extract. These green-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (GMNPs) were tested for their ability to degrade methyl orange (MO) and compared to chemically synthesized zero-valent iron particles (CnZVIs). The study records that GMNPs were successfully synthesized, with particle sizes ranging from nano to micro scales. Within 20 minutes, 100 ppm of MO was reduced to 43 ppm and reached equilibrium at 120 minutes, with GMNPs removing up to 40 ppm of the dye. At equilibrium, approximately 59% of MO was removed using ~20 ± 1 mg of GMNPs, indicating they were more effective than CnZVIs. Kinetic studies indicated that the pseudo-second-order adsorption model (R2 = 0.9993) was a better fit, while isotherm studies favored the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9992) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9997). This suggests that the adsorption process was favorable for MO removal using GMNPs. Importantly, this research not only provides a promising solution to the problem of water contamination by textile dyes but also underscores the significant potential of GMNPs for environmental remediation, offering hope for a cleaner future.