White box specification of intervention policies for prescriptive process monitoring

Prescriptive process monitoring methods seek to enhance business process performance by triggering real-time interventions, such as offering discounts to increase the likelihood of a positive outcome (e.g., a purchase). At the core of a prescriptive process monitoring method lies an intervention policy, which determines under which conditions and when to trigger an intervention. While state-of-the-art prescriptive process monitoring approaches rely on black-box intervention policies derived through reinforcement learning , algorithmic decision-making requirements sometimes dictate that the business stakeholders must be able to understand, justify, and adjust these intervention policies manually. To address this requirement, this article proposes WB-PrPM (White-Box Prescriptive Process Monitoring), a framework that enables stakeholders to define intervention policies in business processes. WB-PrPM is a rule-based system that helps decision-makers balance the demand for effective interventions with the imperatives of limited resource capacity. The framework incorporates an automated method for tuning the parameters of the intervention policies to optimize a total gain function. An evaluation is presented using real-life datasets to examine the tradeoffs among various parameters. The evaluation reveals that different variants of the proposed framework outperform existing baselines in terms of total gain, even when default parameter values are used. Additionally, the automated parameter optimization approach further enhances the total gain. • White-box framework to specify intervention policies for prescriptive monitoring. • Policies consider importance, urgency, uncertainty, and capacity to guide decisions. • Policies include filtering and ranking based on parameters (thresholds and weights). • Policies use conformalized estimates from predictive, causal, and survival models. • Optimizing policy parameters identifies those maximizing intervention gain.