Development Approaches of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Cultivars for Achieving Food Security in Afghanistan

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is considered a staple crop that provides most of our energy and nutritional needs while also making up most of our diet in Afghanistan. However, drought stress and climate change are the obstacles to producing enough wheat. High-yielding cultivars resistant to biological and non-biological stresses must be produced using various techniques, including genetic modification and selection. Afghanistan has recently experienced extreme weather variations, which have significantly impacted the evolution of diseases, pests, and the climate. Rapid genetic improvement is required for crop resistance to remain stable in challenging conditions. The major objective of this article is to review wheat breeding methods such as rapid breeding (RB), double haploid (DH), biotechnological improvement (BI), genomic selection (GS), and Genotype-phenotype interaction evaluation (G x E). The traditional development period, which is typically 10–12 years, can be shortened to less than 5 years by integrating the techniques above simultaneously. The precise information on breeding techniques appropriate for Afghanistan's climate and topography is the main focus of this research, and it will be crucial to the wheat breeding program.