Advance Glycation End Products Inhibition by <i>Citrus paradisi</i> Peel Extract; Characterization, <scp>LCMS</scp> ‐ <scp>QTOF</scp> Analysis, and Biological Evaluation

Advance glycation end products (AGEs) are the main reason for diabetic complications. Persistent hyperglycemia and non-enzymatic glycation increase the rate of AGEs formation. Natural functional food-based approaches are mainly under investigation these days to discover new treatment options. We focused to investigate potential of medium polar fractions of <i>Citrus paradesi</i>. The peels fractions were analsyed for phytochemical profile, FTIR, HPLC-DAD, and LCMS-QTof, and biological investigation including antioxidant assays, α-glucosidase inhibition, and Anti AGEs inhibition was performed. LCMS-QTof confirmed the presence of flavonoids and polymethoxylated flavonoids including naringin, narirutin 4-O-glucoside, hesperidin, naringenin-7-O-rutinoside hexamethoxyflavone, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4' heptamethoxyflavone were major compounds. A significant antioxidant activity was recorded in case of chloroform fraction compared to ethyl acetate fraction. Similarly a substancial AGEs inhibition in oxidative mode (IC₅₀ 0.23 mg/mL) and non-oxidative mode (IC₅₀ 0.10 mg/mL) was observed in chloroform fraction, whereas ethyl acetate fraction was only active in oxidative mode (IC₅₀ 0.69 mg/mL). A moderate α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ 1.23 mg/mL) was noticed in total extract, while significant activity was recorded in chloroform fraction (IC₅₀ 0.78 mg/mL). It was concluded that medium polar fraction of <i>C. paradesi</i> possesses antidiabetic and anti-AGEs potential that can be due to presence of flavonoids and polymethoxylated flavonoids.