Features of Germany’s Participation in Training of Afghan, Malian and Ukrainian Armies

The participation of the state in the training of personnel of the armed forces (AF) of another country is a way to ensure a long-term strategic presence in it. But there are high image and practical risks connected with refusal of the recipient country from foreign military instructors, advisers. The article tries to explore the features of the usage of such instrument by Germany on the example of the training of land forces of Afghanistan, Mali and Ukraine. The cases are the missions ISAF (2002-2014) and Resolute Support (2015-2021), EUTM Mali (2013-2022), EUMAM (since December 2022). The author uses 25 criteria divided into 5 groups for the comparative analysis, using the theory of armed forces building. The paper issues the historic features of the functioning of national armed forces at the territory of three countries, also strategic priorities of the Western democracies during the period of activity of the missions and attitude towards each one from Russia. The reasons of the choice of NATO or the EU for each mission is explained. Also, the author presents the quantitative parameters of the Bundeswehr usage in the cases, different numbers of the trained troops. The important parameters are the features of the organization of them, their composition, timings and schedules of the process, the tactics of combat usage. The research paper concludes about Germany`s desire for the compensation of the losses of former military training tracks by the launch of the new one.