Advances in the induction and differentiation of neural stem cells

Abstract. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into various neuronal cell types. In-depth research on NSCs has demonstrated their immense potential in treating neurological diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and neural injuries. Rapid advancements in NSC research are currently focused on NSC acquisition, induced differentiation, and clinical translation. It is generally acknowledged that NSCs can be obtained from primary tissues or through the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and somatic cell reprogramming. Various approaches for inducing iPSC differentiation have been developed, including transcription factors, small molecule induction, and neural stem sphere differentiation methods. Each approach has unique advantages and is the subject of ongoing research. NSC-induced differentiation represents a promising avenue for treating neurological diseases, with studies underway using reprogramming factors and small molecule compounds. However, the NSC research field is extensive and rapidly evolving, with enormous potential for medical applications. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive analytical reviews in the literature. This article consolidates and analyzes the major advancements in NSC induction, encompassing NSC isolation and culture, in vitro induction, and clinical applications. By presenting the latest developments in all aspects of NSCs, this article aims to provide guidance and insights for future regenerative medicine research in neurological diseases.