The Evolution and Impact of Animal Vaccines: Advancements, Applications, and Future Directions

Abstract. Animal vaccines play a significant role in preventing and controlling animal infectious diseases, ensuring public health, and promoting the economic development of the livestock industry. This paper reviews the historical development of animal vaccines and explores their role in public health, the livestock economy, and the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases. It details several common types of animal vaccines, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and mRNA vaccines, describing their preparation methods, immune mechanisms, and advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the paper outlines the current application status of vaccines for three major animal infectious diseases: swine fever, bovine tuberculosis, and avian influenza. It also analyzes the development trends of new vaccine technologies, such as genetic engineering vaccines, nanoparticle vaccines, and oral and spray vaccines. Despite significant advances in vaccine technology, challenges remain, such as pathogen variation, technical and economic barriers, and issues related to regulation and quality control. This paper aims to provide direction for future research, emphasizing the importance of continuous technological innovation and a globally unified regulatory system. The goal is to develop new vaccines with stronger immunogenicity, fewer side effects, and better adaptability to pathogen variations, thereby enhancing the application effectiveness of animal vaccines in public health and the livestock industry.