Clinical and pathological characteristics in 214 Danish weaners euthanized because of umbilical outpouchings

Hernias were the most common pathological diagnosis in weaners euthanized due to UOs, and many pigs had complications related to their UO such as ulcers, adhesions, haemorrhage, or incarcerated intestines-all conditions that could impact the pig's welfare. The presence of connective tissue in the UO in more than half of the pigs indicated that many of the UOs had been present for an extended period. Clinical identification of the umbilical ring is difficult, but the clinical examination is useful for determining the size of the UO and the presence or absence of an ulcer, both critical factors when assessing a pig's welfare and fitness for transport. Clinical examination, however, has limited value in determining the aetiology of UOs.