Dissecting the relationships between the insect vector <i>Empoasca paraparvipenis</i> with <i>Camptotheca acuminata</i> witches’ broom phytoplasma

Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited bacteria that are primarily transmitted by hemipteran insects and are emerging threats to <i>Camptotheca acuminata</i> Decne plants due to their associations with a witches' broom disease. Despite numerous studies, there has been no report on insect transmission of phytoplasma among <i>C. acuminata</i>. Here, transmission characteristics of the leafhopper, <i>Empoasca paraparvipenis</i> Zhang and Liu, 2008 and the phytoplasma in plant leaves through PCR quantification are described. The interaction between <i>C. acuminata-</i>phytoplasma and insect vectors was examined by analysing the impact on the life characteristics and progeny population in a temperature-dependent manner. Phytoplasma-infected <i>C. acuminata</i> plant exhibited symptoms including shorter internodes, weak and clustered branches, shrunken and yellowed leaves, and red leaf margins. The acquisition and transmission time of bacterial-infected third-instar nymphs of insect vectors were 10 (11.11%) and 30 min (33.33%), respectively. A single insect vector can infect a plant after 72 h of feeding, and the incidence rate of disease increases with the number of insects following 11-100% from single to 20 insects. The development time of the infected insect vectors (1-3 instars) was significantly shorter than that of the healthy insects, and the development duration of instar individuals was longer. In progeny populations, the higher the phytoplasma concentration (88-0% for 1-5 instars nymph, female and male adults), the shorter the development time and the longer the adult lifetime (both male and female). These findings provided research evidence of phytoplasma transmission by insect vectors; however, further investigation of the mechanisms for prevention and management of phytoplasma diseases is needed.