China’s nuclear modernisation will continue

Significance The launch followed the US announcement that it would keep the Typhon missile system in the Philippines “indefinitely”, adding to China's sense of military encirclement. It also reflects a strategic intention to modernise China's military and to counter suggestions that corruption has weakened the defence forces. Impacts The test may inspire additional criticism from neighbouring states, given a lack of notification and risks to peace and security. Any further tests could erode Beijing's ties and security cooperation with friendly Pacific nations through to the third island chain. The test will be of concern to the UN and the Global South, as China assumes responsibility for the nuclear diplomacy of the great powers. Washington’s resolve to support its allies in the region will strengthen.