The impact of water conservation strategies on unmet demand in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The global water crisis is intensifying due to climate change, population growth, and rapid urbanization, leading to increased water demand, especially in urban areas. Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is facing severe water shortages caused by rapid urbanization, population growth, industrial expansion, and aging infrastructure. This study assesses the water supply-demand gap and explore various water conservation strategies to mitigate this shortfall. Using the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP), the research evaluates current and projected water supply-demand dynamics and the effectiveness of conservation strategies on unmet demand. The findings indicate that water demand in Addis Ababa is expected to rise from 382 Mm³ in 2023 to 915 Mm³ by 2043, a 140% increase. In 2023, only 40% of this demand is met, resulting in a supply-demand gap of 219 Mm³. The water supply system is significantly strained by population growth and improved living standards. Implementing conservation measures, such as retrofitting aging infrastructure and adopting water reuse policies, could reduce unmet demand by up to 45%, from 752 Mm³ to 646 Mm³ by 2043. To address escalating demand, a combination of conservation and supply-side measures is essential, including water recycling policies, infrastructure improvements, and targeted educational and financial initiatives.