New class of drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes and obesity are among the key issues for modern healthcare. Approximately 425 million people worldwide have diabetes, and the number of individuals with overweight or obesity exceeds one-third of the entire human population. This necessitates the search for new therapeutic options for treating these conditions and the improvement of existing treatment regimens. This review discusses both the concepts of “diabetes” and obesity, existing treatment schemes, and a new class of antidiabetic drugs—glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor agonists and glucagon-like peptide-1, as well as its main representative—tirzepatide. The review presents the history of development, justification of the mechanism of action, and existing clinical studies on tirzepatide, a key representative of this emerging class of drugs. This medication has demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin in patients with diabetes and weight loss in patients with obesity and/ or diabetes compared to several classes of antidiabetic drugs. However, it should be noted that adverse reactions in clinical studies were more frequent in the tirzepatide group, especially at high doses, highlighting the need for an individualized approach when prescribing this medication. Additionally, comparisons were made only with insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, indicating the limited clinical significance of these studies. The introduction of tirzepatide into clinical practice may potentially reduce obesity levels and help control the progression of diabetes in many patients, thereby decreasing complications and mortality associated with these conditions.