TID-FOPIDN controller for frequency control using Lemur optimization in two-area power systems

Precise control over frequency, voltage, and power flow is required to ensure power quality in multi-zone electrical networks. Load frequency control (LFC), which adjusts active power according to load fluctuations, is necessary for system stability. Based on recent studies, combining optimization techniques with advanced control schemes may greatly improve LFC performance. In this work, the control parameters of TID, PIDN, and TID-FOPIDN are tuned using the Lemur optimizer. These concepts are investigated in the context of a two-zone power system comprising hydroelectric and thermal power plants. The findings illustrate how the Lemur-optimized TID-FOPIDN cascade surpasses TID and PIDN controllers in terms of frequency stability and precision, rendering it a viable option for enhancing electrical networks.