Unraveling the Anthocyanin Regulatory Mechanisms of White Mutation in Verbena stricta by Integrative Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis

<b>Background</b>: <i>Verbena stricta</i> is a perennial herb of the Verbenaceae family, known for its medicinal properties, wide adaptability, and high resistance. <b>Methods</b>: This research investigated the metabolic pathways of flower color change by combining transcriptome and metabolomics analyses. <b>Results</b>: In purple flowers and white variants, a total of 118 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including 20 anthocyanins, and 7627 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. The downregulation of delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, and delphinidin-3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl) glucoside, along with the absence of petunidin and malvidin derivatives, may explain the loss of pigmentation in the white-flower mutant. Fourteen candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified, among which the expression of Flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) was significantly downregulated, notably limiting flux through the delphinidin pathway and reducing delphinidin accumulation. This limitation in upstream reactions, coupled with the multi-shunt process in downstream reactions, completely blocked the production of petunidin and malvidin. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings offer new opinions on the anthocyanin metabolites and key genes responsible for the floral pigmentation in <i>V. stricta</i>. Additionally, the white variant provides a valuable platform for future research into the ornamental flower color of the Verbenaceae family.