Study on the Interaction Effects of Landscape Pattern on the Synergistic Trade-Offs of Ecosystem Services Based on Multi-Model Fusion: A Case Study of Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle

A deep understanding of the spatiotemporal changes in ecosystem services (ESs) under the influence of urbanisation, as well as clarifying the trade-offs and synergies between different services and their driving factors, is crucial for sustainable regional development and the formulation of rational urban expansion policies. Dramatic changes in landscape patterns, driven by the interplay of human activities and natural processes, can have profound effects on regional ESs. Existing research primarily discusses the synergistic trade-offs between ESs, with less focus on the interactions among different landscape patterns and the synergies among ESs. In the present study, we established a multi-model fusion method for ES analysis (PLUS-InVEST-Trade-offs/Synergies-Geographical Detectors (GDs)) to explore the synergistic trade-offs of ESs and their driving factors in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle from an urban agglomeration perspective. Our findings indicated the following. (1) The distribution of synergistic/trade-offs relationships among ESs exhibited spatial variability. The varying responses of different urban clusters to these policies, along with their unique topography and landforms, are the reasons behind the differences in the synergistic/trade-offs relationships of ESs among these urban clusters. (2) In the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle, the driving factors of the synergistic/trade-offs effects among ESs displayed spatial differentiation. In a certain range, the degree of landscape agglomeration interacts with the degree of landscape fragmentation to promote synergistic/trade-offs effects of ESs. Our findings will provide a new analytical perspective for policymakers in the region and serve as a valuable reference for formulating targeted policies in different sub-regions.