Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Immunomodulatory Agents: Potential for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-bound particles released by various cell types, including immune and non-immune cells, and play crucial roles in intercellular communication. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs have significant immunomodulatory properties, influencing various aspects of immune responses and contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This review explores the biogenesis, composition, and functional roles of EVs, focusing on their potential as novel immunomodulatory agents. We discuss how EVs can modulate immune cell activation, differentiation, and function, highlighting their roles in promoting immune tolerance and regulating inflammatory processes. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic applications of EVs in managing autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including their potential as biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and therapeutic agents. We also address the challenges and limitations associated with EV research, including isolation techniques, standardization, and the need for a better understanding of their mechanisms of action. This review emphasizes the potential of EVs as innovative therapeutic strategies for treating autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, paving the way for future research to harness their immunomodulatory capabilities. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, Immunomodulation, Autoimmune diseases, Inflammatory diseases, Intercellular communication