Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the <i>Lichinomycetes</i>

The <i>Lichinomycetes</i> is an independent lichenized lineage within the <i>Ascomycota</i> comprising <i>ca</i>. 390 species and 50 genera. Very few studies have dealt with family and genus classification using molecular data and many groups are in need of thorough revision. Thus, we constructed a multilocus phylogeny (mtSSU, <i>RPB2</i> and <i>mcm7</i> gene regions) including 190 specimens of <i>Lichinomycetes</i> belonging to 126 species. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses were carried out to trace the evolution of selected characters. The current classification scheme of the <i>Lichinomycetes</i> based on morphological and anatomical characters is in great conflict with the phylogenetic relationships resulting from the present study. The results suggest substantial non-monophyly at the family and genus levels. A revised classification is proposed here and an overview of genera accepted in the <i>Lichinomycetes</i> is given. Ancestral <i>Lichinomycetes</i> are reconstructed as crustose with pycnoascocarps and octosporous asci. We used a combination of characters to delineate groups including the ascoma development and the type of asci. The revised classification includes 11 new genera, five resurrected genera, and 54 new combinations distributed in four families (three emended and one new). Three new species are also described. <b>Taxonomic novelties: New family:</b> <i>Lichinellaceae</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>New genera:</b> <i>Allopyrenis</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Gonotichia</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lapismalleus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lingolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Paludolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Paracyphus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Peltolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudocarpon</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudotichia</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pycnolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Tichocyphus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>New species:</b> <i>Paracyphus gotlandicus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudocarpon persimile</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Tichocyphus gotlandicus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>New combinations:</b> <i>Allopyrenis grumulifera</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis haemaleella</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis impolita</i> (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis phaeococca</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis reducta</i> (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis sanguinea</i> (Anzi) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis tenuis</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis densisidiata</i> (Aptroot <i>et al.</i>) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis foederata</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis guyanensis</i> (M. Schultz <i>et al.</i>) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis palmana</i> (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis polycocca</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Forssellia canariensis</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Forssellia concordatula</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Gonotichia octosporella</i> (Lettau) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lapismalleus lugubris</i> (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lemmopsis lutophila</i> (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lempholemma segregatum</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lichinella baicalensis</i> (Makryi) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella etoshica</i> (Brusse) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella lusitanica</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella pulvinata</i> (E. Dahl) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella schleicheri</i> (Hepp) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella terrestris</i> (Makryi) M. Schultz, <i>Lingolemma lingulatum</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Paludolemma syreniarum</i> (C.J. Lewis & M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Peltolemma socotranum</i> (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum aotearoa</i> (Henssen & B. Bartlett) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum cylindrophorum</i> (Vain.) M. Schultz, <i>Phylliscum laatokkaense</i> (Vain.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum neglectum</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum permiscens</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum rhodostictum</i> (Taylor) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Porocyphus antarcticus</i> (Cromb.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Porocyphus macrosporus</i> (Henssen <i>et al.</i>) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Porocyphus minutissimus</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Porocyphus rosulans</i> (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Porocyphus tasmanicus</i> (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Porocyphus willeyi</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudotichia vermiculata</i> (Nyl.) Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pycnolemma polycarpum</i> (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina botryosa</i> (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina cladodes</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina condensata</i> (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina degeliana</i> (P.M. Jørg.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina dispansa</i> (H. Magn.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina intricatissima</i> (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina isidiodes</i> (Nyl. <i>ex</i> Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina vesiculifera</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya arnoldii</i> (Frauenf.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya lacustris</i> (P.M. Jørg. & R. Sant.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya neglecta</i> (Erichsen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya obtenebrans</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz, <i>Thyrea osorioi</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz. <b>New status and combination:</b> <i>Gonotichia depauperata</i> (Servít) M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>Emended description:</b> <i>Lempholemma</i> Körb., <i>Lichina</i> C. Agardh, <i>Thelignya</i> A. Massal., Lichinaceae Nyl., Phylliscaceae Th. Fr., Porocyphaceae Körb. <b>Resurrection:</b> <i>Cladopsis</i> Nyl., <i>Collemopsis</i> Nyl. <i>ex</i> Crombie, <i>Forssellia</i> Zahlbr., <i>Pleopyrenis</i> Clem., <i>Synalissina</i> Nyl. <b>Citation:</b> Prieto M, Wedin M, Schultz M (2024). Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the <i>Lichinomycetes</i>. <i>Studies in Mycology</i> <b>109</b>: 595-655. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.109.09.

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Studies in Mycology
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2024-11-22
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https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2024.109.09
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Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
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article

Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes

Matthias Schultz, María Prieto, Mats Wedin
1 citations
Studies in Mycology
Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
0.60
article

Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes

Matthias Schultz, María Prieto, Mats Wedin
article en
1 citations

Abstract

The <i>Lichinomycetes</i> is an independent lichenized lineage within the <i>Ascomycota</i> comprising <i>ca</i>. 390 species and 50 genera. Very few studies have dealt with family and genus classification using molecular data and many groups are in need of thorough revision. Thus, we constructed a multilocus phylogeny (mtSSU, <i>RPB2</i> and <i>mcm7</i> gene regions) including 190 specimens of <i>Lichinomycetes</i> belonging to 126 species. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses were carried out to trace the evolution of selected characters. The current classification scheme of the <i>Lichinomycetes</i> based on morphological and anatomical characters is in great conflict with the phylogenetic relationships resulting from the present study. The results suggest substantial non-monophyly at the family and genus levels. A revised classification is proposed here and an overview of genera accepted in the <i>Lichinomycetes</i> is given. Ancestral <i>Lichinomycetes</i> are reconstructed as crustose with pycnoascocarps and octosporous asci. We used a combination of characters to delineate groups including the ascoma development and the type of asci. The revised classification includes 11 new genera, five resurrected genera, and 54 new combinations distributed in four families (three emended and one new). Three new species are also described. <b>Taxonomic novelties: New family:</b> <i>Lichinellaceae</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>New genera:</b> <i>Allopyrenis</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Gonotichia</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lapismalleus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lingolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Paludolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Paracyphus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Peltolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudocarpon</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudotichia</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pycnolemma</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Tichocyphus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>New species:</b> <i>Paracyphus gotlandicus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudocarpon persimile</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Tichocyphus gotlandicus</i> M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>New combinations:</b> <i>Allopyrenis grumulifera</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis haemaleella</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis impolita</i> (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis phaeococca</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis reducta</i> (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis sanguinea</i> (Anzi) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Allopyrenis tenuis</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis densisidiata</i> (Aptroot <i>et al.</i>) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis foederata</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis guyanensis</i> (M. Schultz <i>et al.</i>) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis palmana</i> (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Cladopsis polycocca</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Forssellia canariensis</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Forssellia concordatula</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Gonotichia octosporella</i> (Lettau) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lapismalleus lugubris</i> (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lemmopsis lutophila</i> (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lempholemma segregatum</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Lichinella baicalensis</i> (Makryi) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella etoshica</i> (Brusse) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella lusitanica</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella pulvinata</i> (E. Dahl) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella schleicheri</i> (Hepp) M. Schultz, <i>Lichinella terrestris</i> (Makryi) M. Schultz, <i>Lingolemma lingulatum</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Paludolemma syreniarum</i> (C.J. Lewis & M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Peltolemma socotranum</i> (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum aotearoa</i> (Henssen & B. Bartlett) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum cylindrophorum</i> (Vain.) M. Schultz, <i>Phylliscum laatokkaense</i> (Vain.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum neglectum</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum permiscens</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Phylliscum rhodostictum</i> (Taylor) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Porocyphus antarcticus</i> (Cromb.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Porocyphus macrosporus</i> (Henssen <i>et al.</i>) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Porocyphus minutissimus</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Porocyphus rosulans</i> (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Porocyphus tasmanicus</i> (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, <i>Porocyphus willeyi</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pseudotichia vermiculata</i> (Nyl.) Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Pycnolemma polycarpum</i> (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina botryosa</i> (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina cladodes</i> (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina condensata</i> (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina degeliana</i> (P.M. Jørg.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina dispansa</i> (H. Magn.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina intricatissima</i> (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina isidiodes</i> (Nyl. <i>ex</i> Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Synalissina vesiculifera</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya arnoldii</i> (Frauenf.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya lacustris</i> (P.M. Jørg. & R. Sant.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya neglecta</i> (Erichsen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, <i>Thelignya obtenebrans</i> (Nyl.) M. Schultz, <i>Thyrea osorioi</i> (Henssen) M. Schultz. <b>New status and combination:</b> <i>Gonotichia depauperata</i> (Servít) M. Schultz & M. Prieto. <b>Emended description:</b> <i>Lempholemma</i> Körb., <i>Lichina</i> C. Agardh, <i>Thelignya</i> A. Massal., Lichinaceae Nyl., Phylliscaceae Th. Fr., Porocyphaceae Körb. <b>Resurrection:</b> <i>Cladopsis</i> Nyl., <i>Collemopsis</i> Nyl. <i>ex</i> Crombie, <i>Forssellia</i> Zahlbr., <i>Pleopyrenis</i> Clem., <i>Synalissina</i> Nyl. <b>Citation:</b> Prieto M, Wedin M, Schultz M (2024). Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the <i>Lichinomycetes</i>. <i>Studies in Mycology</i> <b>109</b>: 595-655. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.109.09.

Studies in MycologyVol. 109(1)
Universität Hamburg (DE), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (ES), Swedish Museum of Natural History (SE)
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Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
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