Quadratic dispersion relations in gapless frustration-free systems

Recent case-by-case studies revealed that the dispersion of low-energy excitations in gapless frustration-free Hamiltonians is often quadratic or softer. In this paper, we argue that this is actually a general property of such systems. By combining the previous study by Bravyi and Gosset and the min-max principle, we prove this hypothesis for models with local Hilbert spaces of dimension two that contains only nearest-neighbor interactions on cubic lattice. This may be understood as a no-go theorem realizing gapless phases with linearly dispersive excitations in frustration-free Hamiltonians. We also provide examples of frustration-free Hamiltonians in which the plane-wave state of a single spin flip does not constitute low-energy excitations.