A twist of the tail in turning maneuvers of bird-inspired drones

A banked turn is a common flight maneuver observed in birds and aircraft. To initiate the turn, whereas traditional aircraft rely on the wing ailerons, most birds use a variety of asymmetric wing-morphing control techniques to roll their bodies and thus redirect the lift vector to the direction of the turn. Nevertheless, when searching for prey, soaring raptors execute steady banked turns without exhibiting observable wing movements apart from the tail twisting around the body axis. Although tail twisting can compensate for adverse yaw, functioning similarly to the vertical tail in aircraft, how raptors use only tail twisting to perform banked turns is still not well understood. Here, we developed and used a raptor-inspired feathered drone to find that the proximity of the tail to the wings causes asymmetric wing-induced flows over the twisted tail and thus lift asymmetry, resulting in both roll and yaw moments sufficient to coordinate banked turns. Moreover, twisting the tail induces a nose-up pitch moment that increases the angle of attack of the wings, thereby generating more lift to compensate for losses caused by the banking motion. Flight experiments confirm the effectiveness of tail twist to control not only low-speed steady banked turns but also high-speed sharp turns by means of coordinated tail twist and pitch with asymmetric wing shape morphing. These findings contribute to the understanding of avian flight behaviors that are difficult to study in controlled laboratory settings and provide effective control strategies for agile drones with morphing aerial surfaces.