A Survey on Cyber-Attacks for Cyber-Physical Systems: Modeling, Defense, and Design

Cyber-physical system (CPS) security has become a paramount concern as the integration of digital and physical systems continues to grow. This survey article provides an in-depth analysis of cyber-attacks targeting CPSs, along with existing methodologies for attack modeling, defense, and design. It begins by categorizing the major types of cyber-attacks affecting CPSs, followed by a detailed discussion of the mathematical models representing typical cyber-attacks within cyber-physical space. This article then examines defense mechanisms, covering both detection and response strategies, and emphasizes techniques for designing stealthy attacks. Finally, it identifies promising directions for future research, aiming to provide researchers with a broad perspective that supports the development of robust, real-time security solutions for the increasingly complex CPS landscape.