In situ state characterization monitoring of 18650 lithium-ion batteries with high-rate charge and discharge based on the high-stability fibre-optic sensor

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) experience intense electrochemical reactions during high-rate charge/discharge cycles, resulting in significant differences in state characteristics between the inside and outside of the battery. However, most monitoring techniques are severely limited in safety and accuracy due to the intense redox reactions inside LIBs. Thus, we propose a highly stable fibre-optic microcavity sensor based on the Fabry-Perot (F-P) interference principle, which is capable of real-time, in-situ monitoring of the state characteristics inside the LIBs. The degree of electrochemical reactions inside the battery is reflected by extracting the internal gas pressure state characteristics of LIBs at different charging and discharging rates. This experimental result demonstrates that the voltage is closely related to the gas pressure inside the battery and that the cyclic gas pressure increases greatly with the charge/discharge rate increase. This fibre-optic sensing approach provides a promising tool for monitoring in-situ battery state characteristics and safety.