Factors related to type 2 diabetic retinopathy and their clinical application value

Our findings identified intervention, neck vascular disease, bilateral lower limb venous thrombosis, high creatinine, high glomerular filtration rate, high chloride, high fasting C-peptide, and high lactate dehydrogenase as risk factors for DR. In contrast, High 2-hour postprandial C-peptide is a protective factor for diabetic retinopathy. A logistic regression model was constructed using stepwise regression to predict DR occurrence, achieving an accuracy of 0.80 and an AUC of 0.83.