Assessment of Vitamin D Level in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in CCU Patients

Abstract Background Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism. Recent studies have revealed its diverse role in the immune system, vascular and myocardial cells. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are frequently observed in children and adolescents worldwide, particularly in the Middle East. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality, and ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major contributor to the global disease burden. The current study aimed to assess the role of vitamin D in IHD patients. Aim of the Work Assessment of vitamin D level in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 male patients aged between 40- 60 years old. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Group A comprised of 45 diabetic patients, and Group B included 45 non-diabetic patients. The patients were further divided into four groups based on the presence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Group 1 comprised of 23 patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), Group 2 included 22 patients with non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), Group 3 had 23 patients with unstable angina, and Group 4 consisted of 22 patients with stable angina. All patients included in the study provided informed written consent. Results The study found that vitamin D insufficiency was prevalent in all ACS and stable angina groups, with the highest vitamin D level observed in Group 4 (stable angina), followed by Group 3 (unstable angina), Group 1 (STEMI), and Group 2 (NSTEMI). A negative correlation was observed between serum vitamin D level and cardiac enzymes CK-MB and troponin. A significant negative correlation was found between serum vitamin D level and age, BMI, and glycemic profile of the studied patients. Conclusion In conclusion, the study suggests that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common among Egyptian patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina, which may increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD), especially NSTEMI and STEMI. Therefore, vitamin D should be considered as an atypical risk factor for CAD. The incidence of IHD can be controlled by controlling its risk factors such as BMI, age, uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which are also associated with low vitamin D levels.