Spectrum of Renal Diseases Diagnosed by Renal Biopsy and its Clinical Correlation in Ain Shams University Hospitals

Abstract Background The spectrum of biopsy-proven renal diseases differs between locations and changes over time. It is therefore essential to describe the local epidemiological trends and the prevalence of renal biopsy in various regions to highlight new pathology of various renal diseases and provide a basis for further hypothesis-driven research. Objective To evaluate the Spectrum of renal diseases diagnosed by renal biopsy in Ain Shams University Hospitals and study the clinical correlation of renal biopsies. Patients and Methods This retrospective study reviewed 1851 renal biopsies from Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital Histopathology lab and Electron Microscopy (EM) lab, during the period from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2022. Clinical data was collected regarding the patient`s age, clinical presentations at the time of biopsy, diagnostic tests at the time of biopsy, and systemic diseases. The specimen’s reports were verified by at least two histopathologists. Histopathological findings were organized according to the recent classification system. Results We have analyzed the data of 1851 renal biopsies, with a mean age of 38.43 ± 14.83. 52.4% of the study population are males, and 47.6% are females. Hypertension was present in 71.9% of the patients. Primary glomerulonephritis was the most common renal pathology diagnosis, accounting for 47.1% of the cases, followed by secondary glomerulonephritis (27.5%) and vascular diseases (21.5%). Hypertensive nephrosclerosis was diagnosed in 18.7% of the patients. There were significant differences in the diagnosis of renal pathology among different age groups. Lupus nephritis was the most common diagnosis in the age group of 18-39 (24.6%), while hypertensive nephrosclerosis was the most common in the age groups of 40-59 (27%) and ≥60 (25.6%). Conclusion Renal biopsy most commonly presents with nephrotic syndrome. Primary glomerulonephritis is the most common diagnosis, with membranous GN being the most prevalent. Lupus nephritis is the most common secondary glomerulonephritis.