Yearly Assessment of Weather and Air Quality Impact on Respiratory Disease Hospitalizations: Faial Island (Azores) Study

Building upon our previous research conducted at weekly and monthly intervals, this study investigates the yearly dynamics of weather conditions and air quality on respiratory diseases, specifically tailored to Faial Island in the Azores. Expanding our analysis to a yearly basis allows for a more comprehensive understanding of long-term trends and seasonal variations in hospital admissions. Drawing upon extensive daily data spanning from 2008 to 2019, sourced from the Statistics Service of Hospital da Horta, the Meteorological Observatory Príncipe Alberto de Mónaco, and the Air Quality Monitoring Network of the Azores, we examined the differentiated relationships between yearly meteorological variables, such as temperature, dew point, and wind direction, and respiratory health outcomes. Additionally, we explored the persistent influence of air quality indicators, including suspended particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers (µm) or less (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2)</sub>, nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2)</sub>, and ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), across different seasons and years. By incorporating yearly data into our analysis, this study aims to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the interplay between environmental factors and respiratory disease hospitalizations, thereby informing targeted interventions and public health strategies in insular regions. The principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the yearly data reveals interesting correlation patterns between meteorological variables and hospitalizations for respiratory diseases such as asthma, pneumonia, and rhinitis. Hospital admissions were found to increase during periods of lower temperatures and smaller temperature amplitudes, suggesting that prolonged cold conditions may exacerbate symptoms of these diseases. Additionally, atmospheric pollutant concentrations, such as suspended particles PM10, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub>, significantly varied across seasons, with a notable influence on the exacerbation of respiratory diseases. In insular regions like the Azores, these findings highlight the importance of targeted public health strategies to mitigate the impact of environmental factors on respiratory health.