Assessment of antibiotics removal and transformation products by <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> -assisted biomass in a UASB reactor treating pharmaceutical effluents

The dried roots of an aquatic plant (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> commonly known as water hyacinth) were included in the biomass of an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor to evaluate the improvement effect on treating antibiotic-containing synthetic pharmaceutical effluent. The removals of three different antibiotics, namely erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), were investigated using the unacclimatized inoculum during the startup period. Then, about 2.5% <i>E. crassipes</i> (w/w of volatile solids) was added to biomass during the last month of operation. Almost complete removal of each antibiotic was achieved, with efficiencies up to 99% (with initial ERY, TET and SMX of 200, 75 and 230 mg L^-1, respectively) regardless of <i>E. crassipes</i> addition. The presence of transformation products (TPs) of selected antibiotics was also investigated and ERY showed a higher potential to transform into its metabolites than SMX and TET. With the studied amount of <i>E. crassipes</i>, no positive impact against TPs formation was observed.