Numerical Analysis of Fire Resistance in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Constructions Using CFD: Implications for Structural Integrity and Fire Protection

Fire represents a serious challenge to the safety and integrity of buildings, especially timber structures exposed to high temperatures and intense heat radiation. The combustibility of timber is one of the main reasons why regulations strictly limit timber as a building material, especially in multi-storey structures. This investigation seeks to assess the fire behaviour of cross-laminated timber (CLT) edifices and examine the ramifications for structural integrity and fire protection. Utilising computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, critical variables including charring rate, heat emission, and smoke generation were analysed across two scenarios: one featuring exposed CLT and another incorporating protected CLT. The outcomes indicated that protective layers markedly diminish charring rates and heat emission, thereby augmenting fire resistance and constraining smoke dissemination. These revelations imply that CFD-based methodologies can proficiently inform fire protection design paradigms for CLT structures, presenting potential cost efficiencies by optimising material utilisation and minimising structural impairment.