Miniaturized power-integrated and self-powered sensor systems for advanced biomedical applications

With the growing interest in continuous health monitoring and point-of-care diagnostics, researchers from various fields have made significant efforts to meet commercialization criteria. In this context, the role of electrochemistry and relevant technologies are noteworthy due to their versatility in both sensing and energy conversion applications. This review examines recent advancements in self-sufficient electrochemical sensors, with a particular focus on electrochemical energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells, photoelectrochemical cells, hydraulic systems, and iontronic power sources. It also highlights substantial progress in enhancing the practicality of electrochemical sensors for point-of-care diagnostics and wearable electronics. By introducing advanced wearable sensors and disposable devices, this review provides an overview of the integration of cutting-edge technologies in electrode design and fabrication, cell configuration, data readout, and signal transmission, along with meticulous design considerations to enhance usability.