Hypoglycemic effects of a new heteropolysaccharide from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice via modulating gut microbiota

Type 2 diabetes poses significant health issues worldwide; however, relatively few effective treatment strategies are currently available. This research seeks to explore the potential hypoglycemic impact of compounds derived from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by structurally characterizing a new type of heteropolysaccharide (CIE2-F) and evaluating its hypoglycemic effects in a murine model. CIE2-F primarily comprises 10 monosaccharides, Mw: 9.25 × 10⁵ Da. The polysaccharide exhibited significant anti-obesity effects, alleviated pathological liver damage, and reduced hyperglycemia. In addition, the polysaccharide mitigated insulin resistance and regulated dyslipidemia by increasing serum HDL-C and reducing LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in diabetic mice. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that CIE2-F enriched beneficial gut microbiota, including Akkermansia and Verrucomicrobia, while decreasing pathogenic bacteria.