One size does not fit all: Classical weed biological control across continents

• Open field specificity testing indicates ecological host range of P. ichini includes R. taitensis and S. molle. • P. ichini is not sufficiently host specific for biocontrol of Brazilian peppertree in Australia. • Successful biocontrol agents in one region may be rejected in another due to differing ecological contexts. • This study demonstrates the importance of international collaboration and open field specificity testing where possible. Pre-release quarantine testing of weed biological control agents is frequently initiated using simple no-choice tests. However, these fundamental host range tests are conservative and often do not realistically depict how potential biological control agents might interact with surrounding non-target plants in the field. If no-choice tests are the only method employed it can lead to the rejection of sufficiently host-specific agents. Ecological host range studies in areas where the biological control agent is native or already present can test the validity of laboratory findings with the advantage of evaluating long-range host-recognition behaviors of the insect. A weed biological control program targeting Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae) was given permission to release Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida, USA in 2019. Information from the program in the USA has provided insight for other countries with invasive Brazilian peppertree, such as Australia, which has several native non-target species within the Anacardiaceae family. To evaluate the risk of non-target attack by P. ichini on three Australian native non-target species ( Rhus taitensis , Pleiogynium timoriense , and Euroschinus falcatus ), we performed a two-phase open-field experiment to simulate the spillover risk of the biological control agent in both the presence and absence of their preferred host, S. terebinthifolia . Also included in the open-field experiment were Schinus molle , a close relative of S. terebinthifolia introduced in the USA and Australia, and the Hawaii native Rhus sandwicensis. The results suggest that P. ichini populations may spill over onto two non-target plants, S. molle and R . taitensis , in the absence of the target weed S. terebinthifolia, and could pose a risk to this native species in Australia. This work highlights the importance of international collaborations on invasive plant biocontrol programs.