Targeting the apelin axis: GPCR-directed peptide therapies for cardiovascular disease

Abstract. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)play key roles in various physiological processes, especially in the regulation of cardiovascular function and morphology. The current share of peptide- and protein-antibody-based GPCR drugs is gradually increasing. Several studies have identified and understood the role of GPCR in vasodilatory regulation and cardiac function. In addition, some studies have explored the relationship between GPCRs and CVD-related physiological processes such as inflammation, thrombosis and vascular endothelial function. There is still a gap in the study of GPCRs in CVD in terms of a deeper understanding of the role of specific subtypes of GPCRs in the pathological process and their signaling mechanims, as well as how to develop specific drugs targeting these receptors to improve therapeutic efficiency and reduce side effects. This article will focus on important signaling pathways related to CVD. The potential applications and research progress of drugs such as Apelin-13 and MM07 in CVD therapy are particularly emphasized. This paper provides a reference for future research on the progress of GPCR in CVD. Future studies could focus on in-depth exploration of the signaling pathways of GPCRs, the development of more specific and safe drugs, and the study of new strategies for GPCRs in the prevention and treatment of CVDs