Rhodanine–Piperazine Hybrids as Potential VEGFR, EGFR, and HER2 Targeting Anti-Breast Cancer Agents

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide, with a significant need for novel therapeutic agents to target specific molecular pathways involved in tumor progression. In this study, a series of rhodanine-piperazine hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activity, targeting key tyrosine kinases such as VEGFR, EGFR, and HER2. Biological screening against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T47D, and MDA-MB-468) revealed 3 of the 13 tested compounds as the most potent, with 5-({4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}methylidene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (<b>12</b>) showing the strongest activity, particularly against the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines. Molecular docking studies indicated favorable binding interactions of compound <b>12</b> and its 3-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one analogue (<b>15</b>) with HER2, VEGFR, and EGFR, and molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed their stable binding to HER2. These findings highlight the potential of rhodanine-piperazine hybrids as promising leads for developing new anticancer agents targeting breast cancer, particularly HER2-positive subtypes. Further structural optimization could enhance their efficacy and therapeutic profile.