A Tale of Two Owens: Xiao 孝 as Trusting Others to Know Who You Are

Abstract: This article offers an account of xiao 孝, often translated as filial piety or familial deference, which is compatible with Bernard Williams' insistence that ethical deliberation should be indeterminate and open-ended, rather than pre-established on the basis of one's social relationships. Through a critical reading of Williams' account of ethical knowledge localized to an advisor model, I suggest that we trust those who share similar experiences in social relationships to offer advice specific to our social roles. This trust exhibits itself as xiao , which amounts to no more than the deference children have toward their parents as their guides on the ethical question of how we ought to live—"we," as individuals who share common experiences of being children, fathers, mothers, husbands, wives, and other such social roles.