Analyzing the Relationship Between COVID-19 and Sociodemographic and Environmental Factors: A Case Study in Toronto

COVID-19 has disproportionately impacted communities based on sociodemographic and environmental factors. Previous studies have largely focused on traditional statistical models to investigate these disparities with limited attention to within-city variations. This research addresses this gap by employing advanced machine learning models to predict COVID-19 case counts at the neighborhood level within Toronto. Using algorithms such as Support Vector Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost, along with SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis, we identify key factors impacting COVID-19 transmission, including air pollution, socioeconomic status, and racialized group membership. Our results demonstrate that sociodemographic factors significantly influence sporadic cases, while environmental factors, particularly air pollutants, are critical in outbreak cases. This study highlights the value of machine learning in understanding complex interactions between risk factors with implications for targeted public health interventions to mitigate COVID-19 disparities.