X-BASE: the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X

Abstract. Mapping in situ eddy covariance measurements of terrestrial land–atmosphere fluxes to the globe is a key method for diagnosing the Earth system from a data-driven perspective. We describe the first global products (called X-BASE) from a newly implemented upscaling framework, FLUXCOM-X, representing an advancement from the previous generation of FLUXCOM products in terms of flexibility and technical capabilities. The X-BASE products are comprised of estimates of CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and for the first time a novel, fully data-driven global transpiration product (ETT), at high spatial (0.05°) and temporal (hourly) resolution. X-BASE estimates the global NEE at −5.75 ± 0.33 Pg C yr−1 for the period 2001–2020, showing a much higher consistency with independent atmospheric carbon cycle constraints compared to the previous versions of FLUXCOM. The improvement of global NEE was likely only possible thanks to the international effort to increase the precision and consistency of eddy covariance collection and processing pipelines, as well as to the extension of the measurements to more site years resulting in a wider coverage of bioclimatic conditions. However, X-BASE global net ecosystem exchange shows a very low interannual variability, which is common to state-of-the-art data-driven flux products and remains a scientific challenge. With 125 ± 2.1 Pg C yr−1 for the same period, X-BASE GPP is slightly higher than previous FLUXCOM estimates, mostly in temperate and boreal areas. X-BASE evapotranspiration amounts to 74.7×103 ± 0.9×103 km3 globally for the years 2001–2020 but exceeds precipitation in many dry areas, likely indicating overestimation in these regions. On average 57 % of evapotranspiration is estimated to be transpiration, in good agreement with isotope-based approaches, but higher than estimates from many land surface models. Despite considerable improvements to the previous upscaling products, many further opportunities for development exist. Pathways of exploration include methodological choices in the selection and processing of eddy covariance and satellite observations, their ingestion into the framework, and the configuration of machine learning methods. For this, the new FLUXCOM-X framework was specifically designed to have the necessary flexibility to experiment, diagnose, and converge to more accurate global flux estimates.

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Publication Details

Journal
Biogeosciences
Published
2024-11-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024
Citations
80
Primary Topic
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
22.61

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article

X-BASE: the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X

Mika Korkiakoski, Kimberly A. Novick, Russell L. Scott, Christopher Michael Gough et al.
80 citations
Biogeosciences
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
22.61
article

X-BASE: the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X

Mika Korkiakoski, Kimberly A. Novick, Russell L. Scott, Christopher Michael Gough, Marilyn Roland, Ivan Mammarella, Torbern Tagesson, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Timo Vesala, Elise Pendall, Tarek S. El‐Madany, Anne Klosterhalfen, Gianluca Tramontana, Maria L. Silveira, Ladislav Šigut, Gang Dong, Ulrich Weber, Yi Wang, Torsten Sachs, Marta Galvagno, Bernard Heinesch, M. Jackowicz-Korczyński, Sara Knox, Marius Schmidt, Richard Silberstein, Giacomo Nicolini, Basil Kraft, Iris Feigenwinter, Simone Sabbatini, Christian Brümmer, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Jonas Ardö, Andreas Ibrom, Domenico Vitale, Christopher R. Schwalm, Jacob A. Nelson, Enrico A. Yépez, Bert Gielen, Gustau Camps‐Valls, Ankur R. Desai, Giacomo Gerosa, Maarten Op de Beeck, Carlo Trotta, Alexander Knohl, E. S. Euskirchen, Leonardo Montagnani, Stefan Metzger, Roser Matamala, Mathias Goeckede, Fabian Gans, Rosvel Bracho, Ankit Shekhar, Dario Papale, James Cleverly, William Woodgate, Lukas Johannes Hörtnagl, Riccardo Marzuoli, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Matthias Peichl, Sophia Walther, Sarah Goslee, Georg Wohlfahrt, Mana Gharun, Markus Reichstein, Donatella Zona, Donatella Spano, Kazuhito Ichii, Nina C. Buchmann, D. P. Billesbach, Hideki Kobayashi, Mirco Migliavacca, Grégory Duveiller, Martin Jung, Ignacio Goded, D. R. Bowling, Enrique R. Vivoni, Weijie Zhang, Shiping Chen, Caroline Vincke, Fabio Turco, Junhui Zhang
article en
80 citations

Abstract

Abstract. Mapping in situ eddy covariance measurements of terrestrial land–atmosphere fluxes to the globe is a key method for diagnosing the Earth system from a data-driven perspective. We describe the first global products (called X-BASE) from a newly implemented upscaling framework, FLUXCOM-X, representing an advancement from the previous generation of FLUXCOM products in terms of flexibility and technical capabilities. The X-BASE products are comprised of estimates of CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and for the first time a novel, fully data-driven global transpiration product (ETT), at high spatial (0.05°) and temporal (hourly) resolution. X-BASE estimates the global NEE at −5.75 ± 0.33 Pg C yr−1 for the period 2001–2020, showing a much higher consistency with independent atmospheric carbon cycle constraints compared to the previous versions of FLUXCOM. The improvement of global NEE was likely only possible thanks to the international effort to increase the precision and consistency of eddy covariance collection and processing pipelines, as well as to the extension of the measurements to more site years resulting in a wider coverage of bioclimatic conditions. However, X-BASE global net ecosystem exchange shows a very low interannual variability, which is common to state-of-the-art data-driven flux products and remains a scientific challenge. With 125 ± 2.1 Pg C yr−1 for the same period, X-BASE GPP is slightly higher than previous FLUXCOM estimates, mostly in temperate and boreal areas. X-BASE evapotranspiration amounts to 74.7×103 ± 0.9×103 km3 globally for the years 2001–2020 but exceeds precipitation in many dry areas, likely indicating overestimation in these regions. On average 57 % of evapotranspiration is estimated to be transpiration, in good agreement with isotope-based approaches, but higher than estimates from many land surface models. Despite considerable improvements to the previous upscaling products, many further opportunities for development exist. Pathways of exploration include methodological choices in the selection and processing of eddy covariance and satellite observations, their ingestion into the framework, and the configuration of machine learning methods. For this, the new FLUXCOM-X framework was specifically designed to have the necessary flexibility to experiment, diagnose, and converge to more accurate global flux estimates.

BiogeosciencesVol. 21(22)
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT), Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale del Piemonte (IT), University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US), Edith Cowan University (AU), University of Copenhagen (DK), Argonne National Laboratory (US), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Agricultural Research Service (US), Woodwell Climate Research Center (US), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JP), Battelle (US), University of Helsinki (FI), University of Wisconsin–Madison (US), Università degli Studi della Tuscia (IT), University of Alaska Fairbanks (US), University of British Columbia (CA), University of Antwerp (BE), University of Liège (BE), Chiba University (JP), University of Sassari (IT), École Pratique des Hautes Études (FR), Universitat de València (ES), The University of Queensland (AU), Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (IT), Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE), Universidad de Granada (ES), Waters (United States) (US), Shanxi University (CN), Virginia Commonwealth University (US), Lund University (SE), Universität Innsbruck (AT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN), Université de Montpellier (FR), Qufu Normal University (CN), Aarhus University (DK), University of Utah (US), University of Münster (DE), San Diego State University (US), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE), Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (DE), National Ecological Observatory Network (US), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE), University of Florida (US), ETH Zurich (CH), Sonora Institute of Technology (MX), University of Chicago (US), Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (FR), Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (DE), Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (ES), Institute of Geography (KZ), Institute of Applied Ecology (CN), CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (IT), Czech Academy of Sciences, Global Change Research Institute (CZ), Joint Research Centre (IT), Indiana University Bloomington (US), University of Aosta Valley (IT), Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth (IT), Southwest Watershed Research Center (US), Astronomy and Space (AU), GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (DE), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (DE), Molecular Biology Consortium (US), Institute of Botany (CN), Ecosystem Sciences (AU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR), McGill University (CA), Arizona State University (US), Western Sydney University (AU), University of Göttingen (DE), Clemson University (US), Sapienza University of Rome (IT), James Cook University (AU), UCLouvain (BE), Technical University of Denmark (DK)
National Science Foundation, Niedersächsische Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur, European Space Agency, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, Swedish National Space Agency, Academy of Finland, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vetenskapsrådet, Helmholtz Association, ETH Zürich Foundation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Australian Research Council, Horizon 2020, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science
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Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
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