Contributions of urban productive safety net program to enhancing food security and livelihood diversification: an in-depth analysis of household-Level perceptions among urban populations in Ethiopia

Abstract The Urban Productive Safety Net Program is one of Africa’s most ambitious social protection initiatives, and it has achieved measurable successes. However, existing literature focusing on the role of programs in improving people’s lives, especially in ensuring food security and income diversification, gives more focus to rural areas and depends on data from individuals beyond those directly targeted by the program. Hence, this study examines beneficiaries’ perceptions of the program’s contribution to food security and livelihood diversification in the South Ethiopia Regional State. The study used a mixed research approach that included a questionnaire, interviews, observation, and focus group discussions. To select 310 survey household heads, a multistage sampling procedure was employed. We analyzed the quantitative data using SPSS version 27, while the qualitative data was analyzed through narration and summarization. The findings indicate that the selection process for beneficiaries, activities performed by public work groups, and beneficiaries graduating with reliable sources of income are generally positive, whereas negative assumptions exist regarding the adequacy and timeliness of cash transfers and the overall living status of residents. Therefore, the program managers and zonal-level team leaders should collaborate closely to directly engage with beneficiaries, monitor the support system, and raise awareness.