Embedded System Security Protocols: Latest Trends and Issues

Given the increasingly serious security threats faced by embedded systems, an analysis has been conducted on the characteristics and vulnerabilities of embedded systems. Detailed discussions are provided on security threats faced by embedded systems from two major aspects: hardware-based attacks such as side-channel attacks, hardware Trojans, fault injection, microprobes, and hardware reverse engineering, and software attacks aimed at damaging, tampering, and stealing. The analysis includes existing security measures both domestically and internationally, highlighting their shortcomings. Based on the concept of trusted computing, the paper offers future research suggestions from several perspectives, including theoretical research models, trusted measurement, trusted reporting, trusted sharing, and isolation of resources. Finally, an ideal comprehensive joint security enhancement scheme is proposed, and future research directions are discussed.