Immobilization of Silver Nanoparticles with Defensive Gum of Moringa oleifera for Antibacterial Efficacy Against Resistant Bacterial Species from Human Infections

<b>Background</b>: The worldwide misuse of antibiotics is one of the main factors in microbial resistance that is a serious threat worldwide. Alternative strategies are needed to overcome this issue. <b>Objectives</b>: In this study, a novel strategy was adopted to suppress the growth of resistant pathogens through immobilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in gum of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>. <b>Methods</b>: The AgNPs were prepared from the leaves of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> and subsequently characterized through UV-spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The differential ratios of characterized AgNPs were immobilized with gum of <i>M. oleifera</i> and investigated for antimicrobial potential against highly resistant pathogens. <b>Results</b>: The immobilized AgNPs displayed promising activities against highly resistant <i>B. subtilis</i> (23.6 mm; 50 µL:200 µL), <i>E. coli</i> (19.3 mm; 75 µL:200 µL), <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (22 mm; 200 µL:200 µL), <i>P. mirabilis</i> (16.3 mm; 100 µL:200 µL), <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (22 mm; 175 µL:200 µL), and <i>S. typhi</i> (19.3; 25 µL:200 µL) than either AgNPs alone or gum. The immobilized AgNPs released positive sliver ions that easily attached to negatively charged bacterial cells. After attachment and permeation to bacterial cells, the immobilized NPs alter the cell membrane permeability, protein/enzymes denaturation, oxidative stress (ROS), damage DNA, and change the gene expression level. It has been mechanistically considered that the immobilized AgNPs can kill bacteria by damaging their cell membranes, dephosphorylating tyrosine residues during their signal transduction pathways, inducing cell apoptosis, rupturing organelles, and inhibiting cell division, which finally leads to cell death. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study proposes a potential alternative drug for curing various infections.