Overview and Perspective of Integrated Photovoltaics with a Focus on the European Union

The global cumulative installed PV capacity is anticipated to surpass 2 TWp by the end of 2024, which is an increase in three orders of magnitude from the 1 GWp at the end of 2004. Depending on the energy transition scenarios, up to 8 kWp per capita have to be operational by 2050 globally. In Europe, this capacity could even be 50% higher, and this will have consequences on the decisions regarding where to install this capacity; thus, these decisions will be significantly impacted. This paper gives an overview of the technology options for installing PV systems in areas already used for other human activities as well as integrating them into ships and vehicles without the acquisition of extra land. The focus of this paper is on the situations within the European Union, such as land competition, and presents innovative solutions.