Ionospheric Disturbances Observed Over the Peruvian Sector During the Mother's Day Storm (G5‐Level) on 10–12 May 2024

Abstract This article presents the recent extreme and rare G5‐level geomagnetic storm (Mother's Day Storm) effects on the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere observed at the Peruvian sector by the Jicamarca (11.9°S, 76.8°W, magnetic dip 1°N) incoherent scatter radar and associated instruments. This storm was produced by multiple Earth‐directed coronal mass ejections, which generated significant modifications in the Earth's magnetic field, leading to the Sym‐H of ∼−518 nT. On the dayside, due to the strong eastward penetration electric field, vertical plasma drift and equatorial electrojet (EEJ) enhanced for 2–3 hr and remained consistent at values of ∼95 m/s and 260 nT between 1700 and 1900 UT (1200 and 1400 LT). At the same time, vertical E B plasma drift uplifted the equatorial ionosphere, producing the dusk‐side super plasma fountain and transferring electron density to higher latitudes. A huge increase (∼1,325%) in electron density (from 11 to 142 TECu) is observed at low and mid‐latitudes from ∼20°S to 50°S between 2000 and 0400 UT (1500–2300 LT). The strong westward penetration electric field suppressed pre‐reversal enhancement, leading to downward plasma drift (∼−96 m/s) at around 2400 UT (1900 LT). Overnight, vertical plasma drift fluctuated between ±90 m/s, and the combined effect of penetration and disturbance dynamo electric fields caused a significant increase (∼530 km) in ionospheric virtual height. In the main and early recovery phase, consistent short‐ and long‐duration electric field disturbances persisted for approximately 30 hr, with periods of ∼48 and 90 min.