Assessment of Anxiety, Stress, and Depression: Insights from a Hospital-Based Outpatient Study in Herat, Afghanistan

Objectives: Mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depression, impact a large global population. In Afghanistan, where socio-political instability and economic hardship are widespread, the issue is heightened. This study examines the prevalence and factors of anxiety, stress, and depression among outpatients in Herat. Methods: This descriptive study, conducted with 385 outpatients at Hakim Farabi Hospital in Herat from December 23 to January 24, used the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-10 (DASS-10) for mental health assessment. Participants were over 15, and without severe mental illness or major health events like strokes or heart attacks. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27, with Pearson’s chi-square test and odds ratios for results evaluation. The study received IRB approval from Jami University, and participants gave informed consent. Results: In this study, most individuals experienced mild or subclinical anxiety (89.6%) and depression (91.6%), with smaller percentages reporting moderate to severe levels. Demographic variables analysis revealed that women had higher levels of moderate/severe anxiety, stress (p=0.038), and depression (p<0.001) compared to men. Unemployment (p=0.029), addiction (p=0.042), and poor economic status (p<0.001) were associated with increased levels of anxiety, stress, and depression. However, education level and place of residence did not significantly impact these mental health outcomes. Conclusion: The study reveals a severe mental health crisis in Herat, Afghanistan, with high rates of anxiety, stress, and depression, especially among women, the unemployed, and individuals of lower socio-economic status. These findings emphasize the urgent need for focused mental health interventions and policies to support vulnerable groups in Afghanistan.