Weed communities of snap bean fields in the United States

Abstract Weeds are one of the greatest challenges to snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production. Anecdotal observation posits certain species frequently escape the weed management system by the time of crop harvest, hereafter called residual weeds. The objectives of this work were to (1) quantify the residual weed community in snap bean grown for processing across the major growing regions in the United States and (2) investigate linkages between the density of residual weeds and their contributions to weed canopy cover. In surveys of 358 fields across the Northwest (NW), Midwest (MW), and Northeast (NE), residual weeds were observed in 95% of the fields. While a total of 109 species or species-groups were identified, one to three species dominated the residual weed community of individual fields in most cases. It was not uncommon to have >10 weeds m −2 with a weed canopy covering >5% of the field’s surface area. Some of the most abundant and problematic species or species-groups escaping control included amaranth species such as smooth pigweed ( Amaranthus hybridus L.), Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and waterhemp [ Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer]; common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.); large crabgrass [ Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.]; and ivyleaf morningglory ( Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.). Emerging threats include hophornbeam copperleaf ( Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell) in the MW and sharppoint fluvellin [ Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.] in the NW. Beyond crop losses due to weed interference, the weed canopy at harvest poses a risk to contaminating snap bean products with foreign material. Random forest modeling predicts the residual weed canopy is dominated by C. album , D. sanguinalis , carpetweed ( Mollugo verticillata L.), I. hederacea , amaranth species, and A. ostryifolia . This is the first quantitative report on the weed community escaping control in U.S. snap bean production.